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​​​​​​​	Bruce Director Expt Dept YIWU ZHIJIAN BAGS CO.,LTD (ZHEJIANG FAITHFUL INDUSTRIAL CO.,LTD ) p: 0086-579-86680309  m: 0086-18057970309 f: 0086-579-85135034 w: www.zj-bags.net  e: zjbags1@zj-bags.net
SMETA (SEDEX 4 pillar) audited by BV

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Did you still importing the bags from CHINA in 2019?

Dear flexyblethdrive:

   Good afternoon,hope this letter can find you well!

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Sincerely yours. Bruce Director Expt Dept YIWU ZHIJIAN BAGS CO.,LTD (ZHEJIANG FAITHFUL INDUSTRIAL CO.,LTD ) p: 0086-579-86680309  m: 0086-18057970309 f: 0086-579-85135034  skype: bruceliuqing w: www.zj-bags.net  e: bags1@zj-bags.ltd    SMETA (SEDEX 4 pillar) audited by BV

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Brand new Evolutionary Biology theory links Primary Succession to Phylogeny

A recent theory, published in the Journal of Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Biology, interlinks primary succession with the evolution of life on planet earth, the phylogeny. Primary succession deals with how organisms establish themselves in a barren land devoid of any forms of life. In primary succession, simpler life forms such as lichens (a symbiotic association between algae and fungus) establish first, which pave way for further complicated life forms. Till date a connection between primary succession and phylogeny had not been established. Come this breakthrough theory, which argues that the process of primary succession mirrors the phylogeny. That means, the manner of appearance of life forms in a barren land- its primary succession- is exactly the manner these species have originated in the plant earth-its phylogeny. The hypothesis was based on a meta-analysis, and is widely regarded as a modern classic in this field.

Power

Salt and pepper

This image of a peppercorn and a grain of salt taken by David McCarthy is the overall winner (and close-up category winner) in this year's Visions of Science Photographic Awards. The competition is sponsored by Novartis and The Daily Telegraph

Cancer on the move

Cancer cells can spread through the body in a process known as metastasis. This cancer cell is moving down a pore in a filter. The image was taken at Cancer Research UK, where the spread of cancer is studied in the hope of finding a cure

Fish and Shrimp

A tiny shrimp fearlessly enters the mouth of a fish to clean its teeth. Fish value this service as the shrimp removes and eats harmful parasites. (©Jim Greenfield)

Female bats keep it in the family

The tactic helps bind families without the dangers of inbreeding

Female greater horseshoe bats share male mates with their mothers and grandmothers, Nature magazine reports.

This serves to bind families together, but avoids the dangers of inbreeding.

The females live together in groups segregated from the opposite sex, but gang together to prowl for males once the mating season arrives.

Scientists from the University of Bristol and Queen Mary in London made the discovery using genetic techniques to construct family trees for the bats.

Most female greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) seek out the same male to mate with year after year.

The bats produce only one offspring each year, so each animal represents the outcome of a separate mating.

Family affair

Stephen Rossiter, of Queen Mary, University of London, and colleagues used genetic typing to compile the family trees of some 452 bats at Woodchester Mansion in Gloucestershire, UK.

The researchers mapped male partners on to pedigrees of female bats to examine patterns of pairings down the years.

They found that relatives on the maternal line shared male partners more often than would be expected by chance.

In all, they detected 20 groups of related females sharing mates, with two to five individuals in each of these groups.

Dr Rossiter believes that by sharing sexual partners, the greater horseshoe bat "strengthens social ties and promotes greater levels of cooperation within the colony".

It pays to share

Kinship between individual animals is extremely important for cooperation and, therefore, social cohesion, says Dr Rossiter and his team.

The tendency for females to return to the same males each year also strengthens this kinship.

Any behaviour, such as this, which increases the levels of relatedness within social groups while dodging the costs of inbreeding is likely to be favoured by natural selection, the researchers write.

In the UK, greater horseshoe bats are thought to have declined by 90% over the past 100 years.

This may be due to the disturbance of roosts and changing farming practices, since the use of pesticides has caused a declined in the insects they prey on.

'Better' DNA out of fossil bones

Improved technologies for extracting genetic material from fossils may help us find out more about our ancient ancestors.

Scientists in Israel have just developed a new technique to retrieve better quality, less contaminated DNA from very old remains, including human bones.

It could aid the study of the evolution and migration of early modern humans, as well as extinct populations such as our close relatives, the Neanderthals.

Many researchers would dearly love to get their hands on DNA samples from hominids further back in time - from those that lived 100,000 years ago or more - to find out how they were related to people alive today.

But fossil studies this far back in time have long been hindered by contamination with foreign genetic material and the problem of recovering long, intact DNA sequences.

The new method provides hope, however.

What's real?

"DNA gets everywhere. So when we're dealing with a sample and you find it's got human DNA in it - is that DNA from the fossil, or is it actually DNA from the person who unearthed it?" says Professor Chris Stringer, the head of human origins at the Natural History Museum in London, UK.

HUNTING ANCIENT DNA The DNA within our cells contains the genetic information that spells out the "code of life" It is wound up in bundles known as chromosomes that are found in the cell nucleus (nuclear DNA); DNA also lies within mitochondria outside of the nucleus (mtDNA) mtDNA is inherited only through females via the egg and can be used to trace backwards through evolution; the male sex chromosome (Y) similarly tracks male evolution DNA breaks down over time making recovery difficult from ancient specimens. Fossils are often contaminated with modern human DNA during handling, and it is difficult to tell this apart from ancient DNA

Also, DNA falls apart over the course of time.

"It breaks up into very small fragments so it is quite technically complicated to put it all back together again," explains Dr Robert Foley, the director of the Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies at the University of Cambridge, UK.

Freezing provides the ideal preservation conditions. The most widely accepted oldest DNA yet isolated comes from 400,000-year-old plants found in ice in Siberia. But most specimens are not excavated from such places.

An improved technique for retrieving DNA from fossil bone, just published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), may help.

Dr Michal Salamon, from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, and colleagues, showed that "crystal aggregates", small mineral pockets formed during fossilisation, can preserve DNA better than the rest of the bone.

They compared DNA extracted from these crystal aggregates with genetic material taken from untreated, whole-bone powder. The samples were taken from eight different modern and fossil bones.

The crystals are so small they can only be seen with an electron microscope

They found better preserved, less contaminated DNA could be recovered from the isolated crystals.

This approach, "significantly improves the chances of obtaining authentic ancient DNA sequences, especially from human bones", they told PNAS.

Commenting on the latest research, Dr Michael Hofreiter, from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, who helped decode 40,000-year-old nuclear DNA from a cave bear earlier this year, said: "It's possible; but there need to be more studies on more samples, and they need to show that you don't get human contamination of animal bones.

"Then I would believe that it is a breakthrough for ancient DNA research."

The big split

Scientists are hopeful the new technique will help them get at the DNA in the chromosomes of a cell - the nuclear DNA.

Ancient DNA research has so far mainly focused on mitochondria, the tiny "power-stations" of the cell. These exist outside of the nucleus and have their own DNA. And, although this information is very useful, it is more limited in its scope than that which could be obtained from nuclear DNA.

MODERN HUMANS AND NEANDERTHALS Neanderthals evolve about 250,000 years ago Their range extends from Europe to Central Asia and the Middle East Modern humans leave Africa about 60,000 years ago and arrive in Europe around 40,000 years ago By 27,000 years ago, the Neanderthals are extinct Possible reasons include climate change and competition with modern humans

It is partly a question of sensitivity.

"There's about 1,000 times more mitochondrial DNA than nuclear DNA in our cells, so it's much easier to pick up," explains Professor Stringer.

The mitochondrial DNA is inherited only through the egg - through females. This means it is a useful marker for tracing a line back into the past, as it has never been mixed with DNA from males.

"One of the most important discoveries from studying ancient mitochondrial DNA is the estimate of when humans diverged in evolution from the Neanderthals - around half a million years ago," according to Dr Foley.

Professor Stringer adds: "We've now got about 10 Neanderthal specimens of around 40-50,000 years old that have yielded DNA that is clearly distinct from anyone alive today."

This means scientists can be sure that it is ancient, not just modern DNA from contamination.

It has also given them a measure of how different Neanderthals were from modern people.

"Neanderthals are three times as different from us as we all are from each other," says Professor Stringer.

Species debate

But there remains the hotly debated question of whether Neanderthals were a completely separate species to us. Professor Stringer says that they are if that assessment is based on studying their bone anatomy.

However, the evidence from mitochondrial DNA is somewhat ambiguous.

"The mitochondrial DNA on its own can't tell us if we're a distinct species," he explains.

"It depends what mammal you take. There are some species where the difference in mitochondrial DNA between us and Neanderthals would say they were a different species.

"Whereas in chimpanzees, our closest relative, you could contain the variation between us and Neanderthals in a single species alive today in Africa."

Scientists need to recover better DNA from our fossils, especially the nuclear DNA.

"Each gene has a separate evolution so to understand Neanderthals properly we will need different bits of their DNA to see if they're all telling us the same story," he adds.

Population movements

The male sex chromosome (the "Y") is useful for tracking male inheritance, since males inherit their Y chromosome only from their father.

Using both mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA from people alive today, complex pathways have been mapped for how modern humans got to where they are - but there are problems.

Dr Mim Bower, an ancient DNA researcher at the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research in Cambridge, UK, gives an example.

"Using modern DNA we see a different pattern of settlement in the Pacific islands between men and women - the mitochondrial DNA patterns show a different migration pattern to the Y chromosome DNA."

Studying the DNA not of modern humans but of their distant ancestors could help answer such questions.

"At the moment we can't follow that into the past as it's very difficult to get nuclear DNA," Dr Bower says.

This is especially problematic for the Y chromosome, which is nuclear.

HUMAN MIGRATION ROUTES Map shows first migratory routes taken by humans, based on surveys of different types of the male Y chromosome. "Adam" represents the common ancestor from which all Y chromosomes descended Research based on DNA testing of 10,000 people from indigenous populations around the world Source: The Genographic Project

Critics say NASA's Moon plan is too costly

Costs – and NASA's reputation for going over budget on large programmes – are major hurdles the agency will have to overcome to send people back to the Moon, say outside experts.

NASA administrator Michael Griffin unveiled the agency's scheme to return humans to the Moon on Monday. It involves building on existing space shuttle technology and proven methods of landing people on the Moon, drawn from the Apollo programme.

A reusable capsule will be fitted atop a longer shuttle rocket booster to send a four-person crew into space. Separately, a heavy-lift launcher will deliver other elements of the Moon-bound ship into orbit. All of this is supposed to be developed and tested before the project's first lunar landing in 2018.

Funding shortfalls

Griffin says the mission could cost at least $104 billion. He says the agency would adopt a pay-as-you-go approach and would not need to drastically increase its budget, now at about $16 billion per year. But critics are unconvinced.

Currently, NASA's share of the federal budget is about 0.7%. During the Apollo era, NASA took up as much as 4% of the US budget.

NASA has been widely criticised for its accounting practices – especially in its human spaceflight programme. "Given the funding shortfalls in the space shuttle programme, there is simply no credible way to accelerate the development of a Crew Exploration Vehicle unless the NASA budget increases more than has been anticipated," says Congressman Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the US House Science Committee.

"Whether such an increase is a good idea in the context of overall federal spending at this time is something neither Congress nor the Administration has yet determined," he adds.

It’s rocket science

"I don't think this plan will succeed," says Alex Roland, a history professor at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, US. "It's plausible in a certain way because they have taken things from Apollo and the shuttle that were reasonably successful and good. Who knows whether or not you can quickly and cheaply cobble those together into a workable system?"

But others defend the plan, arguing the agency needs to move beyond its current Earth-orbiting shuttle and space station programmes. "It's obvious there's a rocket scientist running NASA again," says Elliot Pulham, president and chief executive officer of the Space Foundation, a non-profit space advocacy group. "I wish I was still young enough to go."

But even the spirit of exploration is not enough to convince everyone to spend billions on the project. As Roland put it: "I think this whole enterprise of trying to put people on the Moon and then put people on Mars begs the question: what for?"

Road Runoff Causing Freshwater to Turn Saltier, Study Shows

	Image: COURTESY OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Freshwater sources in the northeastern U.S. are becoming increasingly salty, mainly as a result of increased roadway construction, a new report suggests. The findings, published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, indicate that at the current rate of change, some surface waters in the region could become toxic to freshwater life within the century. Researchers led by Sujay Kaushal of the Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, N. Y. studied three locations in Baltimore County, Hudson River Valley and the White Mountains in New Hampshire. The team found that over the past 30 years levels of chloride had risen dramatically. Measuring chloride concentrations can detect an increase in salinization because the anion is an important component of many salts. (Table salt, for example, is sodium chloride (NaCl).) Already, many urban and suburban streams exceed the recommended limit for chloride, which is 250 milligrams per liter. Rural waterbodies, meanwhile, can exceed 100 milligrams per liter on a seasonal basis
The increased amount of dissolved solids in the water is strongly correlated to the amount of impervious surfaces such as roads and parking lots. In some regions, the increased use of deicer compounds in the winter caused chloride levels to reach five grams per liter, approximately a quarter of that found in seawater. Because land-use changes so rapidly, the authors conclude that "salinization associated with increasing suburban and urbanization deserves attention as one of the most significant threats to the integrity of freshwater ecosystems in the northeastern U.S."

Netting the next five billion

Getting the whole world online must be more of a priority for our leaders, argues technology analyst Bill Thompson.

Everyone should have access to global networks

The United Nations (UN) is 60 years old, and 150 world leaders have been in New York to mark the anniversary with a world summit intended to revitalise the organisation after years in which its credibility and status have greatly declined.

Sadly, and despite claims of substantial progress from politicians and their spin doctors, the summit has failed.

There was no agreement on disarmament, no reform of the Security Council and no commitment to aid targets that might help alleviate poverty.

Even the Security Council's condemnation of terrorism was undermined by a failure to agree what "terrorism" actually means.

Digital equality

The disappointment was clearly expressed by the UN's Secretary-General Kofi Annan. "We have not yet achieved the sweeping and fundamental reform that I and many others believe is required," he told delegates.

One area that will inevitably suffer as a result are efforts to improve access to the internet, yet the global digital divide is becoming a major development issue precisely because of the net's success in the developed world.

Education, trading and social contacts increasingly depend on it, and being cut off from the network is now just as damaging to a local economy as trade barriers or tariffs.

Without the technologies and the practical solutions to the problems on the ground, the politicians will have nothing to fund

When the UN General Assembly adopted the Millennium Declaration in September 2000, it committed to achieving eight goals by 2015, including the achievement of universal primary education, work to combat HIV/Aids and the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger in the world.

Later, recognising the importance of information and communication technologies in achieving these goals, the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) was convened to consider how to build the framework of an "all-inclusive and equitable" information society.

The first WSIS meeting took place in Geneva in 2003, and it meets again in Tunis later this year. But without a clear mandate from the UN the discussions seem doomed to be ineffectual, filled with well-meaning platitudes but unable to deliver either resources or political change.

Since the politicians are failing us, we need to look elsewhere for breakthroughs that can change people's lives by making it possible for them to get online so that we can let the next five billion users join those of us who already have a connection to the net.

Part of the problem is how we ensure the network reaches everyone, but the problems do not stop there.

Throughout the world there are people working on a whole range of technologies, from fuel cells that can provide a reliable power source for rural networks to the much-publicised $100 computer project led by Nicholas Negroponte at MIT, and all of this work is important.

Ideas welcomed

One of the research bodies funding academic work in the UK, the EPSRC, has offered £1m from its "Ideas Factory" budget to pay for "novel and adventurous approaches" to the challenge of bridging the global digital divide.

Instead of just asking academics to send in bids for some or all of the pot, they are holding a five-day meeting near Bath later in the year, inviting researchers from the widest possible range of disciplines to work together and come up with new ideas and new ways of tackling the problem.

It is called a "sandpit", and according to Cambridge University computer scientist Alan Blackwell, who will be leading the discussion, it is a great way to encourage creativity and generate unexpected approaches and project proposals.

Ideas are needed to connect the "digitally dispossessed"

It is also a good way for researchers in different areas to discover new perspectives, find out what other people are up to and broaden their horizons.

And after five days there should be a fundable research project that can make a difference to the digitally dispossessed.

Initiatives like this are absolutely vital, and I cannot wait to see what they come up with. But we cannot afford to give up on the political process entirely.

Whatever great ideas we have for low-cost computers or new energy supplies, bridging the global digital divide requires us to bridge another divide first - the one between the world's senior politicians and the people who can come up with creative and affordable solutions to practical problems.

We must not forget that high-level action is capable of delivering resources at a level that university researchers, voluntary organisations or even businesses can only dream of - $50bn of aid for the area affected by Hurricane Katrina shows what can be done once the political will is there.

Without the technologies and the practical solutions to the problems on the ground, the politicians will have nothing to fund.

While five days of debate, discussion and, inevitably, disagreement in Bath for £1m of funding may not seem like it is going to change the world, we may be surprised by what emerges when a bunch of clever people are given a chance to think out loud.

And then we can try to make the politicians listen to what they say.